Money, central banks, monetary policy and regulation of modern banking system

The “new” economy seems to be vulnerable to cyclical shocks that increased in magnitude and induced higher volatilities on the markets. The role assumed by state in this equation of markets’ equilibrium significantly increased. The causes of current crisis of modern economies are strongly related to the nature of money, the role of “fiat-money” as exchange support for real transactions and the impact of central banks and their monetary policy on the economic stability. Even we are tempted to consider that current crisis are the effect of free market failure, one of the source of crisis is the public intervention on the free market. This article offers a different perspective than the mainstream vision on these particular aspects, providing a better understanding of crisis and the role played by state through monetary institution in this sensitive matter.fiat money, central banking, monetary policy, gold standard

Empirical Evidence On The Correlation Between The Exchange Rate And Romanian Exports

Few subjects of international economics are so much exposed to heated debates as the exchange rate problem. From monetary crises and balance-of-payments adjustments to monetary zones, dealing with currency swings seems to embody any economist's worries about the rightfulness of economic models and the relevance of empirical analyses he or she has to choose. Is appreciation or depreciation good for a country's welfare? Would that answer still be valid in the long run? The unsettled character of the problem largely resides in the manifest contradiction between the firm theoretical predictions and their unconvincing empirical testing. One of the least uncontroversial tenets refers to the positive correlation between currency depreciation or devaluation (although of different origins, their effects are generally the same) and a country's current account. This paper attempts to test this prediction on the case of Romanian economy and to conclude on possible explanations of the theoretical-empirical conflict.exports, exchange rate, elasticity

Empirical evidence on risk aversion for individual romanian capital market investors

The evolution of stock prices is influenced by the expectations of investors regarding the earning prospects associated to each listed company. One of the key elements of investment decision is the positive relationship between risk and return. Risky securities are preferred to less risky ones only if there is a higher pay-off in the long run that could compensate the investors. The previous studies proved that expected return direct correlated with risk and, due to the presence of risk aversion, this relationship is assumed to be positive one. Risk premium is determined by a lot of factors including risk aversion. The intensity of risk aversion and the evolution of it during a specific period of time are very important for any market. This study proposed an analysis of risk aversion that is based on a specific survey and it is very useful for comparative analysis with other similar studies developed on the case of other emerging markets (from EU or outside EU).risk aversion, individual investor, Romanian capital market

Romania trying to be an European brand

Building a coherent country branding program at international level requires a strong coordination between the government, the business sector, the decision makers from educational and cultural sector, the civil society and, the mass media representatives in any country. The paper presents the main efforts Romania has done to build a country image with a significant impact at international level. It focuses on the main policies and programs applied by Romania in the specific field of the national branding, offering a good analysis on the institutional framework and experience in promoting the country’s image internationally. The paper presents also the results of a research conducted with different local authorities (based on personal interviews) involved in the construction and promotion of a national brand abroad. The findings of the study provide opinions on the implications of the role of Romania’s country image in the European Integration process. A SWOT analysis on the Romania’s policy for building a European country brand completes the conclusions and the perspective on this particular issue considered to be important for a European Union integrating country. Finally, the paper makes proposals for creating a positive country image for Romania, a country that is in the process of redefining its position and its image at international level. Romania’s image will be considered from the perspective of the four dimensions defining a country image (tourism, exports, foreign direct investments and foreign policy), as well as from the perspective of building an integrated image abroad.Country branding, country image, policy making, European integration.

Banii, băncile centrale, politica monetară şi reglementarea sistemului bancar modern

The “new” economy seems to be vulnerable to cyclical shocks that increased in magnitude and induced higher volatilities on the markets. The role assumed by state in this equation of markets’ equilibrium significantly increased. The causes of current crisis of modern economies are strongly related to the nature of money, the role of “fiat-money” as exchange support for real transactions and the impact of central banks and their monetary policy on the economic stability. Even we are tempted to consider that current crisis are the effect of free market failure, one of the source of crisis is the public intervention on the free market. This article offers a different perspective than the mainstream vision on these particular aspects, providing a better understanding of crisis and the role played by state through monetary institution in this sensitive matter

Politica monetara în sistemele financiare moderne

Monetary policy is one of the most sensitive problems in the modern financial systems. Money production of central banks and commercial banks generates a lot of problems in the prices mechanism, structure of production and is the major source of error in entrepreneurial decision. This paper discuss the major problems with modern monetary policies regarding: concept and function of money as a medium of exchange, (non)neutrality of money, independence of central banks, ineffectiveness of some specific monetary tools like inflation targeting is. There are a lot of mistakes produced from a long time that influenced and continue to influence the (in)stability of financial systems

Banii, băncile centrale, politica monetară şi reglementarea sistemului bancar modern

The “new” economy seems to be vulnerable to cyclical shocks that increased in magnitude and induced higher volatilities on the markets. The role assumed by state in this equation of markets’ equilibrium significantly increased. The causes of current crisis of modern economies are strongly related to the nature of money, the role of “fiat-money” as exchange support for real transactions and the impact of central banks and their monetary policy on the economic stability. Even we are tempted to consider that current crisis are the effect of free market failure, one of the source of crisis is the public intervention on the free market. This article offers a different perspective than the mainstream vision on these particular aspects, providing a better understanding of crisis and the role played by state through monetary institution in this sensitive matter

THE IMPACT OF ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION ON PERCEPTIONS RELATED TO BUSINESS RISKS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. A DISTANCE-TYPE ANALYSIS

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of 2004 accession to the European Union on perceptions related to business risks in Central and Eastern European countries. The investigation makes use of the data provided by the Regular Reports on Global Competitiveness published annually by the World Economic Forum. Methodologically, our analysis requires the estimation of an average for the core of 15 member states of the European Union (EU 15) for each individual pillar considered to describe properly the business environment. In doing so, it is possible to measure the convergence – in terms of a distance-type analysis – of the new member states with the average of EU 15, prior and after the accession, comparatively. In addition, based on a k-means clustering technique, we investigate similarities between the same countries, as well as the convergence of different groups of countries with the group which contains this average.business risk, convergence, clusters, Eastern European Enlargement

An empirical estimation of Balassa – Samuelson Effect in case of Eastern European Countries

Integration into the European Monetary Union (EMU) and adoption of Euro became a specific objective for Eastern European Countries after their accession into the European Union. This objective implies specific nominal and real economic convergence for these countries within a given period of time (Copenhagen criteria). Nominal convergence measurement is based on well-defined system of economic indicators (Maastricht and Amsterdam criteria). Real convergence refers to real economic performance of a country and it is commonly associated with GDP growth rate and productivity level. From a broader perspective, real and nominal convergence could be seen as complementary. Tensions between real and nominal convergence are tested through Balassa – Samuelson Effect. In this paper it is analyzed the evolution of nominal and real convergence based on a proposed set of indicators and it is estimated Balassa-Samuelson Effect on non-Euro countries

A model for assessing Romania's real convergence based on distances and clusters methods

Accession into Euro Area for Eastern European Countries became a compulsory and a very demanding step. These new members should achieve specific condition that are called “nominal convergence” criteria and that are defined by Maastricht Treaty. The convergence level reflects how much these countries are prepared to face the challenges and threats of being included into a high competitive economic area. Many studies on nominal and real convergence have been developed lately. The present paper is aimed at testing the real convergence for selected Eastern European Countries, including Romania, based upon distances and clusters methodology